Fig. 6

Spatiotemporal clusters of villages with high VL incidence between January 2018 and November 2022. Clusters were identified with SaTScan discrete Poisson model; their numbering corresponds with the numbers in Table 4. The spatiotemporal clusters can be considered as local VL outbreaks. The location of clusters 1, 2 and 3 overlaps with many of the high-incidence sub-locations as shown in Fig. 4.