Table 2 Predictors associated with cervical cancer screening uptake among women in Ghana
Variable | Model O Empty model | Model I aOR [95% CI] | Model II aOR [95% CI] | Model III aOR [95% CI] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Fixed effect results | ||||
Religion | ||||
Christianity | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Islamic | 0.54[0.26,1.10] | 0.52 [0.25,1.08] | ||
African Traditionalist | 0.26 [0.04,1.54] | 0.26 [0.04,1.60] | ||
No religion or other | 0.74 [0.13,4.05] | 0.77 [0.14,4.23] | ||
Level of education | ||||
No education | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Primary | 1.18 [0.60,2.35] | 1.13 [0.56,2.26] | ||
Secondary | 1.22 [0.65,2.29] | 1.09 [0.57,2.10] | ||
Higher | 3.17** [1.52,6.63] | 2.71*[1.23,5.94] | ||
Number of children | ||||
None | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
One | 0.98[0.47,2.04] | 0.96 [0.46,1.99] | ||
Two | 0.83[0.44,1.56] | 0.83 [0.45,1.55] | ||
Three | 0.70[0.38,1.27] | 0.70 [0.39,1.25] | ||
Four or more | 0.91 [0.45,1.85] | 0.94 [0.47,1.87] | ||
Covered by health insurance | ||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 1.30 [0.65,2.61] | 1.27 [0.64,2.50] | ||
Visited health facility in last 12 months | ||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 1.51* [1.04,2.18] | 1.48*[1.02,2.15] | ||
Watch television | ||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 1.03 [0.65,1.63] | 0.84 [0.50,1.39] | ||
Listen to radio | ||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 1.32[0.88,1.99] | 1.30 [0.86,1.97] | ||
Read newspaper or magazine | ||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 1.81* [1.11,2.94] | 1.80* [1.10,2.92] | ||
Use Internet | ||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 1.66**[1.15,2.40] | 1.48 [0.97,2.24] | ||
Wealth index | ||||
Poorest | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Poorer | 1.48 [0.82,2.68] | 1.38 [0.75,2.52] | ||
Middle | 2.66**[1.42,4.98] | 2.19*[1.07,4.49] | ||
Richer | 4.38***[2.36,8.13] | 2.85*[1.28,6.38] | ||
Richest | 8.15***[4.27,15.58] | 3.08*[1.25,7.59] | ||
Place of residence | ||||
Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Rural | 0.48** [0.29,0.78] | 0.46**[0.28,0.76] | ||
Region | ||||
Western | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Central | 4.47* [1.37,14.59] | 4.28*[1.30,14.12] | ||
Greater Accra | 4.48**[1.48,13.57] | 4.48**[1.46,13.80] | ||
Volta | 6.80**[1.99,23.25] | 6.35**[1.84,21.91] | ||
Eastern | 9.01***[2.88,28.24] | 8.99***[2.85,28.37] | ||
Ashanti | 4.68**[1.54,14.20] | 4.83**[1.59,14.65] | ||
Western North | 2.28 [0.53,9.86] | 2.14 [0.49,9.35] | ||
Ahafo | 7.05**[1.93,25.83] | 6.60**[1.80,24.23] | ||
Bono | 3.36 [0.93,12.14] | 3.19 [0.88,11.60] | ||
Bono East | 5.64**[1.53,20.74] | 5.43* [1.46,20.22] | ||
Oti | 4.43* [1.13,17.43] | 4.79* [1.19,19.23] | ||
Northern | 6.01** [1.81,19.90] | 8.87**[2.38,33.07] | ||
Savannah | 1.53 [0.36,6.59] | 2.03 [0.46,9.06] | ||
North East | 5.75* [1.44,23.01] | 7.79**[1.83,33.11] | ||
Upper East | 6.78** [1.90,24.24] | 5.59** [1.53,20.33] | ||
Upper West | 7.53** [1.97,28.79] | 7.77** [1.97,30.69] | ||
Random effect model | ||||
PSU variance (95% CI) | 6.83 [5.45, 8.56] | 5.33 [4.06, 7.00] | 4.98 [3.86, 6.43] | 4.78 [3.64, 6.28] |
ICC | 0.674 | 0.618 | 0.602 | 0.593 |
N | 7124 | 7124 | 7124 | 7124 |
Number of clusters | 618 | 618 | 618 | 618 |